Abbreviations – Sraćenice”
Pogledajte spisak najčešće korišćenih skraćenica u engleskom jeziku, tipove skraćenica, kao i specifične slučajeve skraćivanja reči.
A
- a.m. » ante meridiem, before midday – prepodne
- ABC » American Broadcasting Company – Američka radiodifuzna kompanija
- a/c » [British English] » Account – račun
- a/c » [American English] » air conditioning – klima, klimatizovano
- acct. » [American English] » Account – račun
- AC » alternating current – naizmenična struja
- AD » anna domini, in the Year of the Lord – nova era
- approx. » Approximately – otprilike
- Ave. » Avenue – avenija
B
- BA » Bachelor of Arts – diplomac; British Airways – britanski aerotransport
- B.o.T. [British English] » Board of Trade – trgovačka komora
- B&B (B+B) » Bed and Breakfast – noćenje sa doručkom
- BBC [British English] » British Broadcasting Corporation – Britanska radiodifuzna korporacija
- BC » before Christ – pre Hrista, pre nove ere
- BO » body odour – miris tela
- BR » British Rail – britanska železnica
- Bros. » Brothers – braća
- BST » British Summer Time – Britansko letnje vreme
- BT » British Telecom – britanski telekom
- BTA » British Tourist Authority – britanska turistička zajednica
C
- CET » Central European Time – Centralno Evropsko vreme (GMT +1)
- cf. (confer) » compare – uporediti
- CIA [American English] » Central Intelligence Agency – centralna obaveštajna agencija
- CID [British English] » Criminal Investigation Department – odeljenje za istragu kriminala
- c.i.f. » cost, insurance, freight – cena, osiguranje, tovar
- CST [American English] » Central Standard Time – centralno standardno vreme
- CV » curriculum vitae – biografija
D
- DA [American English] » district attorney – okružni tužilac
- DC » direct current – jednosmerna struja
- DIY » do-it-yourself – uradi sam
E
- EC » European Community – evropska zajednica
- e.g. » exempli gratia, for example – na primer
- encl. » Enclosed – priloženo
- etc. » et cetera – i tako dalje
F
- FAQ » Frequently Asked Questions – najčešće postavljana pitanja
- fig. » Figure – cifra
- ft. » feet – stopa, mera za dužinu (30,48 cm)
G
- gal. [American English] » gallon – galon, mera za tečnost (3,785 l)
- gal. [British English] » gallon – galon, mera za tečnost (4,564 l)
- GCSE » General Certificate of Secondary Education – sertifikat o opštem srednjem obrazovanju
- GMT » Greenwich Mean Time – računanje vremena po Griniču
- GPS » Global Positioning System – globalni sistem za pozicioniranje
H
- HP » Horsepower – konjska snaga
- h&c » hot and cold – toplo i hladno
- hr » Hour – sat
- HRH » Her/His Royal Highness – njeno/njegovo visočanstvo
- ht » Height – visina
I
- i.e. » id est, that is – to jest
L
- lb » pound – funta (453,59 g)
- Ltd » Limited – ograničen
M
- MA » Master of Arts – magistar
- mph » miles per hour – milja na čas
- Mr » Mister – gospodin
- Mrs » Missis – gospođa
- Ms » Miss – gospođica
N
- NBC [American English] » National Broadcasting Company – nacionalna radiodifuzna kompanija
- no » Number – broj
O
- OAP » old-age pensioner – penzioner
- OHP » overhead projector – grafoskop, videoskop
P
- p.a. » per annum – godišnje
- p.m. » post meridiem, after midday – poslepodne
- PE » Physical Education – fizičko vaspitanje
- pp » Pages – stranice
- pt » Part, pint, point – deo
- pto » please turn over – okrenite na drugu stranu
R
- R & D » research and development – istraživanje i razvoj
- re » with reference to – odnosi se na
- ROI » return on investment – povrat ulaganja
- RSVP » repondez s’il vous plait, please reply – molimo odgovorite
S
- s.a.e. » stamped addressed envelope – pečatirana adresirana koverta
V
- VAT » value added tax – porez na dodatnu vrednost (pdv)
- VIP » very important person – veoma važna osoba
£
- £ » pound (money) – funta
There are three commonly used types of abbreviations in the English language: Abbreviations, contractions and acronyms.
Abbreviations
These are formed by omitting letters from the end of a word:
- Medical Sciences ⇒ Med Sci
- Doctorate of Philosophy ⇒ DPhil
- ante meridiem ⇒ am
- post meridiem ⇒ pm
Don’t use full stops after any abbreviations.
Contractions
These are formed by omitting letters from the middle of a word:
- Mister ⇒ Mr
- Doctor ⇒ Dr
- The Reverend ⇒ The Revd
- Saint ⇒ St
Acronyms
These are formed from the initial letters of words (whether the result is pronounceable as a word or as a series of letters):
- British Broadcasting Corporation ⇒ BBC
- Master of Arts ⇒ MA
- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ⇒ AIDS
- Mathematical, Physical and Life Sciences ⇒ MPLS
- Planning and Resource Allocation Committee ⇒ PRAC
- Pro-Vice-Chancellor ⇒ PVC
When using an acronym that may be unfamiliar, spell it out in full the first time it is mentioned, with the acronym following in brackets; thereafter, use the acronym alone:
- The decision was made by the Planning and Resource Allocation Committee (PRAC). There are several meetings of PRAC every term.
Street
- Saint Ebbe’s Street ⇒ St Ebbe’s St
People’s initials:
- use a space to separate each initial (eg J R R Tolkien, C S Lewis)
Measurements:
- when discussing large numbers in text, it is fine to use k/m/bn as shorter ways of spelling out 1,000/1,000,000/1,000,000,000 (or writing out “one thousand”/”one million”/”one billion”) as long as you are consistent throughout the document
Names of universities:
- awarding bodies in lists of qualifications can be abbreviated to shorter forms if it is clear what university you are referring to: Camb, Oxf, UCL etc. Use English names, not Latin ones, as not all universities have a Latin name (eg Oxf instead of Oxon)
Latin abbreviations:
- if you are using Latin abbreviations, make sure you know what they mean and when to use them (and do not use full stops after them)
- eg [exempli gratia] – means “such as”; use with examples which are not exhaustive (and do not follow with a comma): Oxford offers many language courses, eg Russian, French, Spanish [those are some, but not all, of the language courses offered]
- ie [id est] – means “that is”; use with definitions or lists which are exhaustive (and do not follow with a comma): Catch a Blackbird Leys bus, ie numbers 1 or 5 [those are the only buses which go to Blackbird Leys]
- ibid [ibidem] – means “the same”; use when making a subsequent reference/citation to a publication or other source mentioned in the immediately preceding note (ie no references to anything else have appeared in between): For a fuller explanation of telepathy, see Brown [Speaking with the Mind, Chicago (1945) p 125]; also in Brown is further information on cats and telepathy [ibid, p 229]
Merne jedinice
Linear measures
- 1 inch (in) = 2,54 cm
- 1 foot (ft) = 12 inches = 30,48 cm
- 1 yard (yd) = 3 feet = 91,44 cm
- 1 furlong (fur) = 220 yards = 201,17 m
- 1 mile (m) = 1760 yards = 1.609 km
- 1 league = 3 miles = 4,828 km
Nautical measures
- 1 fathom = 6 feet = 1,829 m
- 1 cable = 608 feet = 185,31 m
- 1 nautical, sea mile = 10 cables = 1,852 km
- 1 sea league = 3 nautical miles = 5,550 km
Liquid measures of capacity
British
- 1 gill = 0,142 l
- 1 pint (pt) = 4 gills = 0,568 l
- 1 quart (qt) = 2 pints = 1,136 l
- 1 gallon (gal) = 4 quarts = 4,564 l
- 1 barrel = 35 gallons = 159,106 l
- 1 barrel = 36 gallons (Bier) = 163,656 l
American
- 1 gill = 0,118 l
- 1 pint = 4 gills = 0,473 l
- 1 quart = 2 pints = 0,946 l
- 1 gallon = 4 quarts = 3,785 l
- 1 barrel = 42 gallons = 159,106 l
Temperature conversion
Fahrenheit > Celsius (subtract 32 and multiply by 5/9)
- 0 °F = -17,8 °C
- 50 °F = 10 °C
- 100 °F = 37,7 °C
- 200 °F = 93,3 °C
Celsius > Fahrenheit (multiply by 9/5 and add 32)
- 0 °C = 32 °F
- 30 °C = 86 °F
- 50 °C = 122 °F
- 100 °C = 212 °F
Avoirdupois weights
- 1 grain (gr) = 0,065 g
- 1 dram (dr) = 27,3438 grains = 1,772 g
- 1 ounce (oz) = 16 drams = 28,35 g
- 1 pound (lb) = 16 ounces = 453,59 g
- 1 stone = 14 pounds = 6,348 kg
- 1 quarter = 28 pounds = 12,701 kg
- 1 hundredweight (cwt) = 112 pounds (Brit) = 50,8 kg = 100 pounds (US) = 45,36 kg
- 1 ton = 20 cwt (Brit) = 1016 kg = 2000 pounds (US) = 907,185 kg
Pogledajte ostale lekcije iz leksikona engleskog jezika OVDE.
